非谓语动词的语法功能
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所能充当的成分 |
主语 |
表语 |
宾语 |
宾语补足语 |
定语 |
状语 |
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V-ing形式 |
现在分词 |
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△ |
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△ |
△ |
△ |
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动名词 |
△ |
△ |
△ |
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△ |
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不定式（to do） |
△ |
△ |
△ |
△ |
△ |
△ |
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过去分词(done) |
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△ |
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△ |
△ |
△ |
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注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分
generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；
to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果
非谓语动词的形式变化
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非谓语 形式 |
构成 |
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时态 |
语态 |
复合结构 |
否定式 |
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主动 |
被动 |
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不定式 |
一般式 |
to do |
to be done |
for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. |
在“to”前加not 或never |
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进行式 |
to have done |
to have been done |
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完成式 |
to be doing |
/ |
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完成 进行式 |
to have been doing |
/ |
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动名词 |
一般式 |
doing |
being done |
sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing |
在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done |
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完成式 |
having done |
having been done |
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现在分词 |
与动名词变化形式相同 |
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在前加not |
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在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。
一、谓语与非谓语的比较
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。
例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.
A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand
分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。
非谓语语法功能的比较
做宾语的非谓语动词比较
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情况 |
常用动词 |
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只接不定式 做宾语的动词 |
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen |
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只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 |
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist |
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feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to |
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两者都可以 |
意义基本相同 |
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） |
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need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） |
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意义相反 |
stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 |
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意义不同 |
remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） |
go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） |
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try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） |
mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着） |
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can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） |
be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事 |
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非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别
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分 类 |
常见动词 |
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 |
例 句 |
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不定式 |
ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage |
主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 |
I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times. |
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have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make |
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现在分词 |
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel |
主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 |
I found her listening to the radio. |
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过去分词 |
动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 |
We found the village greatly changed. |
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别
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分 类 |
区 别 |
例 句 |
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不定式 |
与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 |
I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢) |
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动名词 |
通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 |
Shall we go to the swimming pool? |
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现在分词 |
与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 |
the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves |
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过去分词 |
与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 |
注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥
1. All the staff in our company are considering __to the city centre for the fashion show.
A.to go B.going C.to have gone D.having gone
2.________ and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A.Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising
3.We often provide our children with toys，footballs or basketballs，___ that all children like these things.
A.thinking B.think C.to think D.thought
4.Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions.It’s no use ________ with him.
A.to argue B.arguing C.argued D.having argued
5.(2006辽宁，25）I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ________ Chinese in the school，most ____ were from Germany.
A.study;of whom B.study;of them C.studying;of them D.studying;of whom
6.If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things，think again.
A.gets B.got C.to get D.getting
7._____ and I’ll get the work finished.
A.Have one more hour B.One more hour
C.Given one more hour D.If I have one more hour
8.My cousin came to see me from the country，___ me a full basket of fresh fruits.
A.brought B.bringing C.to bring D.had brought
9.he parents suggested ____ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.
A.sleep B.to sleep C.sleeping D.having slept
10.There are hundreds of visitors ___ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
A.waited B.to wait C.waiting D.wait
11.It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview._____ the answers ready will be of great help.
A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having
12.You should understand the traffic rule by now.You’ve had it ____ often enough.
A.explaining B.to explain C.explain D.explained
13.He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn’t risk ___ the good opportunity.
A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lost
14.All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A.in order to have received B.in order to receive
C.so as to be received D.so as to be receivin
15.__ in the mountains for a week，the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A.Having lost B.Lost C.Being lost D.Losing
16.He hurried to the station only _______ that the train had left.
A.to find B.finding C.found D.to have found
17.Helen had to shout ____ above the sound of the music.
A.making herself hear B.to make herself hear
C.making herself heard D.to make herself heard
18.“We can’t go out in this weather，”said Bob，________ out of the window.
A.looking B.to look C.looked D.having looked
19.Alice returned from the manager’s office _____ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A.having told B.tells C.to tell D.telling
20.According to a recent U.S.survey，children spend up to 25 hours a week ___ TV.
A.to watch B.to watching C.watching D.watch
21.I don’t know whether you happen ____，but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be bearing C. to hear D. to have heard
22.____ by the beauty of nature，the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
23. The old man， ___ abroad for twenty years，is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
24.The news reporters hurried to the airport，only ____ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
25.___ with the size of the whole earth，the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared
26.___ the program，they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
27.If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week，better __ it—you’ve got some big bills coming.
A. forget B.forgot C.forgetting D.to forget
28. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ______ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat B.seating C.seated D.to be seating
29. Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A.his being not able B.him not to be able C.his not being able D.him to be not able
30. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________ in the kitchen.
A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked
31.The teacher asked us ________ so much noise.
A.don’t make B.not make C.not making D.not to make
32. __ time，he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given
33.—How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—The key ___ the problem is to meet the demand ___ by the customers.
A.to solving;making B.to solving;made C.to solve;making D.to solve;made
34. In some parts of London，missing a bus means ____for another hour.
A.waiting B.to wait C.wait D.to be waiting
35. With a lot of difficult problems __，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A.settled B.settling C.to settle D.being settled
36. __ late in the afternoon，Bob turned off the alarm.
A.To sleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Having sleep
37. Sandy could do nothing but ___ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A.admit B.admitted C.admitting D.to admit
38. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ____ some schools for poor children.
A.set up B.setting up C.have set up D.having set up
39. I’ve worked with children before，so I know what ___ in my new job.
A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects
40. __ in 1636，Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A.Being founded B. It was founded C.Founded D.Founding
41. The picture ___ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A.having hung B.hanging C.hangsD. being hung
42. European football is played in 80 countries， __ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
答案
1.答案：B 2.答案：B 3.答案：A 4.答案：B 5.答案：D 6.答案：D 7.答案：B 8.答案：B 9.答案：C 10. 答案：C 11.答案：D 12.答案：D 13.答案：B 14.答案：C 15.答案：B 16.答案：A 17.答案：D 18.答案：A 19.答案：D 20.答案：C 21.答案：D 22.答案：B 23.答案：D 24.答案：B 25.答案：D 26.答案：C 27.答案：A 28.答案：C 29.答案：C 30.答案：B 31.答案：D 32.答案：D 33.答案：B 34.答案：A 35.答案：C 36.答案：A 37.答案：A 38.答案：B 39.答案：B 40.答案：C 41.答案：B 42.答案：A
